Early voting for South Korea’s 2025 presidential election took place on May 29 and 30 but, as in previous years, it was marred by troubling irregularities and signs of mismanagement.
In past presidential and general elections, the National Election Commission (NEC) dismissed concerns as “simple mistakes” or “minor mistakes.”
This time, however, public awareness and scrutiny were far greater. Korean citizens actively monitored polling stations and mainstream media outlets reported on the irregularities, backed by clear evidence of procedural misconduct.
Over two days of early voting, a pattern of serious breaches emerged in polling sites across multiple regions, raising alarms about the credibility of the electoral process.
In Sinchon-dong, Seoul, 30 to 40 ballots were removed from the polling station – an act strictly prohibited under NEC guidelines. In Gimpo and Bucheon, Gyeonggi Province, ballot boxes intended for the presidential election were found to contain ballots from the 22nd general election in 2024.
In Gangnam, Seoul, a poll worker was arrested after using a spouse’s ID to vote illegally.
In Yongin, ballots pre-marked in favor of Democratic Party candidate Lee Jae-myung were discovered inside return envelopes designated for out-of-district voters. This prompted a police investigation.
At another polling station, due to overcrowding, unmarked ballots were distributed to voters waiting outside. Some reportedly left the area – ballot in hand – to visit nearby restaurants before returning to vote, also in violation of NEC procedural rules.
Growing suspicion of foreign influence has added further complexity. Former Chinese nationals who had acquired South Korean citizenship shared images and posts about their participation in early voting on Chinese social media platforms. This fueled public anxiety about possible Chinese interference in the presidential election.
International attention grows
Concerns over the integrity of South Korea’s election have drawn international attention. US conservative commentator Gordon G. Chang – known for his hawkish stance on China and publicly praised by President Trump (Trump said to Chang at the 2023 Conservative Political Action Committee gathering, “I agree with almost everything you said, almost everything”) – spoke out Thursday against the NEC’s handling of early voting, saying, “Fraud is widespread in the South Korean election.”
Indeed, as far back as January 7 this year, Chang was spreading to his followers on X the slogan “Stop the Steal in South Korea!”
The National Election Integrity Association (NEIA), a US-based organization, sent a delegation to South Korea to observe the process. On May 30, the group released a public statement citing numerous violations in the early voting system.
Among the NEIA observers is Morse Tan, former US ambassador-at-large for global criminal justice, appointed in the first Trump administration. Other members of the group are retired US Marine Corps Colonels John R. Mills (a former Pentagon cybersecurity expert) and Grant Newsham (whose articles frequently appear in Asia Times) and scholar Bradley Thayer.
Official apology, but trust damaged
Faced with evidence, the NEC issued a rare apology. On May 29, the commission acknowledged problems in the early voting process.
As further incidents were exposed, a second apology followed. On May 31, NEC Chairperson Rho Tae-ak stated, “I sincerely apologize for causing confusion among the voters. We will manage more thoroughly in the upcoming election-day voting to ensure voters can cast their ballots with confidence.”
Still, public skepticism remains – especially since every known error has so far favored the same candidate, Lee Jae-myung.
Proposed reforms and future solutions
Calls for reform are intensifying. Some South Koreans argue that early voting should be abolished altogether, citing the frequency and severity of past controversies.
Others propose narrowing the four-day time gap between early voting and official election day to allow for better oversight and reduce opportunities for manipulation.
A more forward-looking solution is the adoption of blockchain-based voting systems. By timestamping every action and making records immutable, blockchain technology could offer a secure, transparent alternative.
Brazil offers a real-world example. In 2020, the country implemented a cryptocurrency called Decred’s blockchain through the Voto Legal platform to track campaign donations transparently.
Then, in 2022, Brazil again used Decred’s blockchain – this time to record the official campaign platforms of major candidates. The aim was to verify the authenticity of policy proposals and fight disinformation.
Public trust on the line
The 2025 South Korean presidential early voting has exposed systemic vulnerabilities that can no longer be ignored. As citizens and international observers voice growing concern, the NEC’s credibility continues to erode.
If South Korea is to restore public trust and protect the foundation of its democracy, bold, transparent reforms – whether procedural or technological – must move from discussion to action.
